Standardization knowledge

One question: What is the standard? What is standardization?
A: The standard is a unified provision for repetitive things and concepts. It is based on the comprehensive results of scientific, technical, and practical experience. It is approved by the competent authorities through consensus and is issued in a specific form as a principle of mutual compliance. And basis.
In the eyes of the general public, the standard is a "baseline". It is selected as a sample to compare with objects or actions. They can provide the end user with a criterion for the discrimination of things, which is the guarantee of compatibility and interconnectivity of quality measurement. . Standards are so useful and closely related to everyday life because they are based on everyday life experiences and are specific to the actual needs of different regions and areas. They are the material crystallization of these experiences, adapting to and satisfying the needs of the development of modern science and technology and the current economic conditions.
The first article of the "Standardization Law of the People's Republic of China" (referred to as the "Standardization Law") that came into effect on September 1, 1993 states: "In order to develop a socialist commodity economy, promote technological progress, improve product quality, improve social benefits, and maintain The interests of the country and the people make the standardization work suitable for modern construction and the need to develop foreign economic relations, and formulate this (standardization) law." Article 3 of the "Standardization Law" also states: "The task of standardization is to establish standards and organize implementation. Standards and oversight of the implementation of standards."
Second question: What is the relationship between standards and quality?
A: Article 5 of the "People's Republic of China Product Quality Law," which was implemented on September 1, 1993, states: "The state encourages the implementation of scientific quality management methods, adopts advanced science and technology, and encourages enterprise product quality to meet and exceed industry standards. , National Standards and International Standards.” Article 9 states: “The state implements the enterprise quality system certification system in accordance with internationally accepted quality management standards.”
Standards and quality are closely linked. Standards are the basis of quality management and the basis for quality control. The general improvement of quality in turn promotes the improvement of standardization.
Three questions: What are the mandatory standards and what are the recommended standards?
Answer: In Article 7 of the "Standardization Law," it states that: "The standards that guarantee people's health, personal and property safety, and the standards that are enforced by laws and administrative regulations are mandatory standards. Other standards are recommended standards." The national standards are code-named GB and GB/T; the code names for publishing and printing industry standards are CY and CY/T. The national standard and line of T are the recommended standards. In Article 14, it is also pointed out: "The compulsory standards must be implemented. Products that do not meet the mandatory standards are prohibited from production, sales, and use. The recommended standards are those that the state encourages the voluntary adoption of enterprises."
Four questions: What kind of standards are there in China? What is the relationship between China's standards and international standards?
A: Our national standards are divided into four categories: national standards, industry standards, local standards and corporate standards.
Article 6 of the "Standardization Law" states: "For the technical requirements that need to be unified across the country, national standards should be formulated." "In the case of technical requirements that do not have national standards and need to be unified within a countrywide industry, the industry can be established. Standards." "After distributing the corresponding national standards, the industry standard will be abolished."
“Local standards can be formulated for the safety and hygiene requirements of industrial products that do not have national standards and industry standards but need to be unified within the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government.”
"If a company produces products that do not have national or industry standards, it should establish corporate standards as the basis for organizing production." "If there are national standards or industry standards, the state encourages enterprises to formulate enterprise standards that are stricter than national or industrial standards. It applies internally."
The fourth standard of the "Standardization Law" states: "The state encourages the active adoption of international standards." China's standards adopt international standards or foreign advanced levels and are divided into three categories: equivalent adoption, equivalent adoption, and non-equivalent adoption. In order to be in line with international standards as soon as possible, the State Bureau of Technical Supervision hopes that China's international standards and industry standards are equivalent to 85% or more of the equivalent or internationally advanced standards.
Five questions: What is the standardization work of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the printing industry? What is the status of our country?
A: The Technical Committee of the International Standardization Organization (ISO) in charge of the printing industry, TC130 (TC is the acronym for Technical Committee) is responsible for the development of international standards related to printing. Its secretariat is located in Berlin, Germany (DIN). TC130 consists of five working groups (Work Group): WG1 is responsible for the formulation of technical terms for printing; WG2 is responsible for the formulation of various standards in the field of image information exchange; and WG3 is responsible for the development of standards related to quality control in the entire printing process. (Including various printing processes such as plain printing, gravure printing, flexographic printing, screen printing, newsprint printing, etc.); WG4 director is responsible for the formulation of various raw material standards related to printing (including inks, films, plates, papers, Blanket and other raw materials); WG5 director in charge of printing related human engineering, safety, environmental protection and other standards.
China is one of the 16 voting member states (active members) in ISO Technical Committee TC130.
Question 6: What is the development process of international standards?
A: The development of international standards is divided into the following stages: NP (New Project Proposal) - WD (Working Group Draft) - CD (Committee Draft) - DIS (Draft International Standard) - FDIS (Draft International Standard Draft) - ISOXXXX ( Official text issued). Generally after the CD stage, the International Standards Organization informs the P member countries of the technical committees to solicit opinions and vote (or agree, or oppose, or abstain). Similarly, in the DIS and FDIS stages, voting is also required. If more than 75% of the P member states approve each time, this phase is adopted, and the official international standard text is finally formed and promulgated. An international standard often takes several years before it can finally be passed and issued.
Question 7: What kind of organization does the standardization of the printing industry in China manage?
A: The competent department of China's standardization work is the State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision. The administrative agency of the printing industry is the National Printing Standardization Technical Committee. The National Printing and Quality Supervision and Administration Commission is planned and established by the State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision, and is entrusted with the leadership and management of the Press and Publications Administration. The contractor is the China Institute of Printing Science and Technology. The National Printing Standardization Technical Committee is the counterpart of the ISO TC 130 Technical Committee in China.
The first Printing Standard Committee was established in 1991 and the second session was rerun in 1997.
Question 8: What is the status of China's printing standardization work?
A: Before the Printing Press Committee was established in 1991, the relevant departments such as the Press and Publication Administration had organized 14 national standards related to printing, 1 professional standard, and 15 industry standards. Due to the development of technology, four standards have actually been repealed. There are also 10 national standards, namely "Book and magazine size and format size" (GB 788-87) and "Printing Technology Terms" (GB 9851.1 ~ 9-90), which are currently being revised.
Before that, there were 15 standards concerning printing that were drafted by the Ministry of Light Industry, the Academy of Sciences, and the Technical Supervision Bureau, mainly involving paper, paperboard, ink, and related process standards.
From 1991 to 1998, the Printing Standards Committee has formulated and approved by the State Technical Supervision Bureau and promulgated 11 national printing standards and 31 industrial standards; three national standards have been included in the plan, industry standards 12 Among the above-mentioned national standards and landmarks, there are three in the scope of WG1, namely "Proofreading Symbols and Usage" (GB/T 14706-93), "Proofreading Symbols for Image Replication" (GB/T 14707-93), Print Technical Language Chinese Database. There are five in the scope of WG2, which involves 4 standards for "data exchange format on tape" and "online transfer format from electronic prepress system to color proofing device online" (ie, GB 17156.1-17156.4-97). ), "standard color image data CMYK/SCID" is under development. There are 39 standards in the scope of WG3, involving various kinds of printing processes, from manuscript classification, plate making, printing to binding standards, such as "book product standards" currently being revised, and "stencil control standards" under development. Wait. There are 11 standards that fall within the scope of WG4, which mainly relate to the characteristics of ink characteristics, photographic characteristics of PS plates, quality of recycled positive PS plates, and offset printing plate sizes.
Among the standards that have been formulated or are being formulated, the proportion of adopting international standards (including equivalent use and equivalent use) is less than 40%, and there is still a big gap from the target of more than 85% required by the State Bureau of Technical Supervision.
China's printing standard formulation process is conducted in accordance with GB/T 16733-1997 "The Stage Division and Code of National Standard Setting Procedures", and is basically the same as the international standard setting procedure.
Question 9: How to look at the role of standards in quality management?
A: Quality management includes quality control during production and quality inspection of products (including semi-finished products and finished products). The basis for product quality inspection is a variety of relevant standards. For example, quality requirements and inspection methods for various printing processes, quality requirements and inspection methods for various binding products, various raw materials (such as paper, ink, PS plates, etc.), color separation sheets, proofs, printed matter, original printing plates, and printing The quality requirements and inspection methods for printing plates, etc. are all set forth in the corresponding standards. In the inspection process, a product that is judged to be unqualified will inevitably reflect the product in the production process, from the raw material to the environmental conditions, from the equipment performance and conditions to the process conditions, from the quality of the operators to the level of management standards. If something is wrong with the link or some links, as long as the cause of the problem is found and corresponding countermeasures are taken, the product quality will definitely be improved and improved. This is the essence and connotation of quality management.
If the company's internal standards are stricter than the national or industry standards, it must establish stricter quality management measures. The most important thing is that the person in charge of the company must have a clear sense of quality, must be clear standards and standardization work in the enterprise production process The role played in this way is to ensure that in the fierce market competition, the company seeks for the survival of the company with quality, and guarantees the competitiveness of the enterprise's products with quality.
An economist said that the 20th century is the "productive" century and the 21st century is the "quality" century. In today's coming into the new century, it is urgent to strengthen the awareness of quality and raise the level of standardization.