Modern Printing Application 1.2

Printing > Section 2 Newspaper Printing

Press printing, according to the current definition, refers to the printing of newspapers and periodicals (magazines). Among them, newspapers are mainly published with various news and news commentary. They are prints for the whole society, regularly, and continuously. Journals are regular and irregular, and they have fixed layouts, titles, and bound books. However, newspapers and journals; newspapers and periodicals that have been printing for nearly a thousand years are indispensable. Strictly speaking, ancient newspapers are essentially journals that contain news content, are issued regularly or irregularly, and are bound into books. Only in modern times, with the introduction of Western modern printing and the flourishing development of China's printing and publishing industry, the newspaper was gradually separated from the periodical and evolved into a print in the form of loose-leaf pages like today's newspapers. At the beginning of modern newspapers and periodicals, it still appeared in the form of traditional newspapers and periodicals. For example, the first Chinese modern newspapers and periodicals established by foreigners and the first Chinese modern newspapers and periodicals published in China, "Everything Examines Monthly Monthly Biographical Biography", adopt similar to "Beijing". The book is bound in a booklet form, and the term "Ji Chuan Chuan" is a Chinese translation of foreign languages. The original meaning is a periodical. This means that the book is not new or not, so it is widely disseminated. And China has long been accustomed to calling such publications as newspapers. For example: The Daily News, the editor-in-chief of Liang Qichao, Chaoyang Daily, Beijing News, and even Liang Qichao in modern times, and the "Changshi Bao" edited by Zhang Binglin are booklet-style publications. Since then, newspapers and periodicals have been separated by their own characteristics, forming newspapers and periodicals (magazines) widely popular in society today. Regarding the situation of the newspapers and magazines, because of the history of non-printing, this is omitted here.

The printing of newspapers and periodicals in modern times was divided into two categories according to the technology: Chinese traditional engraving and movable type printing; the modern version of lead type, paper type reproduction, and lithography printed in the west. According to the nature of newspapers and their different points of operation, they can be divided into newspapers printed by Chinese government-run, private-run, and foreign-based missionaries. The use of Chinese traditional engraving printing and movable type printing, since the Tang and Song dynasties and the Qing Dynasty, has failed to achieve due development due to the dictatorial rule of the feudal rulers and the strict control over private newspapers and magazines containing news information. In the early Qing Dynasty at the beginning of modern times, although the traditional Chinese newspapers and periodicals were still being published and issued, they also had greater development than before. However, with the rapid rise of modern newspapers and periodicals, it is indeed inconceivable. In view of the fact that newspapers were printed in the Qing Dynasty using traditional printing techniques, they have been briefly described in ancient articles and will not be repeated here.

I. The beginning and development of modern newspapers and periodicals

The beginning and development of modern newspapers and journals are described in two parts: beginning and development. Among them, before the Opium War, when foreigners took a difficult start under the Chinese government’s policy of retreating and prohibiting education, the number of founders was still small; development followed the Opium War, the Qing government’s closed-door policy of bankruptcy, and Western powers gained freedom of preaching and publishing in China. Right, the number of foreigners handling newspapers and periodicals in China has increased rapidly. Modern newspapers and periodicals run by the people have also started. This is the second phase of the development of China's modern newspaper industry. Objectively, it is the initial stage of development of modern newspapers and periodicals. It was about the end of the 19th century.

(1) The beginning of the modern press

At the beginning of the 19th century, as the prelude of Western capitalist countries invading China, some Christian Protestant missionaries were appointed by the host countries to enter China, attempting to change the Chinese people’s minds in a missionary manner. In order to teach, to change the hearts of the Chinese people, it is necessary to publicize and change the minds of the Chinese people through propaganda. The most ideal tool for propaganda is the publication of newspapers and periodicals that are already familiar to the West. In this era, China’s modern newspapers and magazines were born.

1. Early Chinese newspapers and periodicals

The first Chinese newspaper published after the Western missionaries came to China was published in 1815 as the “Period of Monthly Records of the World”. The monthly issue of the newspaper, which was book-loaded and was published in Malacca, was initiated in Malacca because the Qing government implemented a strict policy of retreat and prohibition before the Opium War and prevented foreign missionaries from printing and publishing newspapers in China. As a result, the missionaries retired to the Nanyang area near China for publishing and printing activities in order to wait for an opportunity to expand into China.

In general, modern newspapers and journals are printed using modern western printing techniques. Nearly every newspaper has its own printing office. The printing house of the "Period of the Monthly Records of the World" was Morrison's appointment of Mi Lian and Chinese workman Liang Fat to organize in Malacca in 1815. The first issue was officially published on August 5, 1815. This is the beginning and beginning of the modern Chinese newspapers and periodicals. Later, during the more than 20 years after the Opium War broke out, foreign missionaries successively established several types of modern newspapers and periodicals in Southeast Asia, Macao, and Guangzhou:

In 1823, the British missionary Mai Duisi founded the "Selected Essentials Monthly Biography" at Batavia (present-day Jakarta) at that time. In 1826, he published and published "The Wet and Miscellaneous Theory" by the missionary Luo. In 1828, the British missionary Samuel Kidd (1799-1843) founded the "The World News" in Malacca; in 1833, the Prussian missionary Guo Shili founded the "Monthly Biography of the Eastern and Western Examinations" in Guangzhou in 1833; The British missionary Mai Duisi edited the "National News" in Guangzhou.

Although the six early-established Chinese newspapers and magazines listed above were all created by missionaries to promote Christianity, their contents gradually changed over time. With the exception of the first "Monthly Chronicles of the World", which can be regarded as purely religious in nature, the other periodicals gradually added non-religious content such as history, geography, news and commentary. And this change is showing more and more obvious trends. In terms of printing technology, the "Monthly Chronicles of the World Records" adopts traditional Chinese woodcut engraving; "Special Selection of Monthly Biography" is a woodcut version of bamboo paper printing; "The News of the World" Ge Gongzhen "The history of Chinese studies Saying yes; printing in the letterpress and newspapers; Liang Jialu and Zhong Zi are waiting for the “History of China’s Journalism” to use cloud printing; the use of white newspapers in letterpress printing; the two statements are unanimous and incomprehensible. If this is true, then this type of letterpress should be a version of lead written in the West. That is, in 1828, Western lead type printing was used in the printing of Chinese newspapers and periodicals. The Western and Western Examinations are published in monthly records, and the paper is printed in lithographs and even in line with the history. The “State News” uses lithographs of history.

2. Early foreign language newspapers and periodicals

At the beginning of the 19th century, with the intensification of Western aggression against China, foreigners from the West to China were mainly missionaries, businessmen, and some government officials. These foreigners need to understand China’s political, economic, military, customs, cultural traditions and other aspects in China’s activities. They also need to understand the dynamics of his country’s and Western societies, and at the same time, they are also easy to use if few Chinese are familiar with foreign languages. They used foreign language newspapers to discuss issues such as how to carry out activities in China. Driven by this demand, foreign newspapers and periodicals in modern China were born.

The first foreign language newspaper the foreigner founded in China was the Portuguese A. Abelha da Cnine published in September 1822. The newspaper was founded in Macau and is the organ newspaper of the ruling party of Portugal. It was hosted by Macau's Protestant leader Antonio and later renamed the "Macao News". It was a weekly publication printed on a letterpress printing machine imported from the West.

After the publication of the “Huaihua News”, a variety of foreign language newspapers and journals were published in Macao and Guangzhou. According to statistics, up to twenty species of the Opium War broke out. At that time, only English and Portuguese were two languages. Macau is mainly Portuguese. It is mainly English in Guangzhou. "Concise Chinese News History", Department of Journalism History, Fudan University, Fujian People's Publishing House, 1986.

"The Bee China", Portuguese, first published in 1822; "Guangzhou Record", English, published in 1827; "China's poor report and Guangdong notes", English, founded in 1831; "China Consolidated", English, 1832 Founded in the year; "Macao Banknote", Portuguese, founded in 1834; "Guangzhou Weekly", English, founded in 1835.

Among the six types of foreign language newspapers and magazines that were founded in the early days, the “Huahua Huabao” was the first newspaper set up by foreigners in China, and it was also the first newspaper that the Portuguese established in China.

The "Guangzhou Record" was the first English newspaper published in China. Founded by William B.Wood, it was later transferred to Madichen, a major British opium trader. It started as a biweekly magazine and later became a weekly magazine; He moved to Macau in 1839 and moved to Hong Kong in 1843. In Hong Kong, he was renamed "Hong Kong Record". Hand printing press printing.

The "China Bloc and the Guangzhou Banknote", published in Guangzhou, is the first newspaper the Americans founded in China.

"China Repertoire", also translated as "Chinese Library", is a long time, rich in content, and the most influential English newspapers and periodicals published in several foreign language newspapers and periodicals. It was established under the support of Morrison and provided by the printers shipped from the American Council of Justice. The newspaper is a monthly publication and is compiled in a volume of 20 volumes each year. The founder was the American doctor Peter Parker (1804-1889), and the main author, Ruan Zhiwen, was in charge of the editor for 13 years. Ruan Zhiwen once wrote an article about the purpose of the publication and said that the most fundamental purpose is to provide Westerners with the most reliable and most economical news about China and its neighboring countries. Therefore, the newspaper was valued by Western countries and became the main newspaper for foreigners to understand the basic features of Chinese society.

"Guangzhou Weekly" was founded for the British Chamber of Commerce. It was originally set up in Guangzhou and later moved to Macau. He was welcomed by Chinese and foreigners for his extensive news coverage and insightful comments. Lin Zexu had sent a person to purchase the Guangzhou Weekly published by Macao during the time of the smoking ban, and organized the personnel to translate into Chinese, compiled and commented on China, talked about tea, talked about smoking, talked about the use of soldiers, talked about the status of foreign countries, etc., Liang Tingnan "The atmosphere is written in mind," Lin Zexu quoted the words; There are many ways to prepare the system.

In the early 19th century, foreigners founded Chinese and foreign newspapers and magazines in China.