Green packaging is not only a packaging concept but also an ideal packaging. There has been no agreement on the definition and evaluation criteria. However, green trade barriers have put more and more stringent requirements on packaging. The restrictions imposed by green barriers in many industrialized countries, such as technical standards, environmental standards, packaging labels and environmental labels, and sanitary inspection and quarantine regulations, mainly include: toxic and hazardous elements contained in packaging materials, and microbial pathogens and packaging that affect ecological or human health. The printing contains four aspects: organic solvents and heavy metal residues that may migrate to the content, recycling or self-degradability of packaging waste, and environmental signs.
The connotation of green packaging
The connotation of green packaging is to formulate green packaging evaluation
The main basis of the standard:
Green packaging emerged in the 1970s; its connotation spanned the “recycling of packaging waste†from the 1970s to the mid-1980s, and the “3r1d†from the 1980s to the early 1990s stated that in the mid- to late-1990s: The life cycle assessment LCA said that “there are three phases that continue to evolve and improve. At present, the connotation of green packaging should include the following five points:
1. Implement reduction of packaging. The green packaging should be the least amount of appropriate packaging under the conditions of protection, convenience, and sales. Europe and the United States and other countries listed packaging reduction as the first choice for the development of non-hazardous packaging.
2. The packaging should be easily reused or recycled. Through the repeated use or recycling of waste to produce recycled products, or the use of heat energy for waste incineration, or improve the soil through composting measures - to achieve the purpose of reuse. It neither pollutes the environment nor makes full use of resources.
3, packaging waste can be degraded (degradable). In order not to form permanent waste, non-recyclable packaging waste must be able to decompose and rot, spontaneously melt in nature, do not pollute the environment, and thus achieve the purpose of improving the soil. To this end, all industrial countries in the world attach importance to the development of biodegradable packaging materials.
4, packaging materials should be non-toxic and harmless, should not contain toxic elements, halogens, heavy metals or content should be controlled below the relevant standards.
5. During the whole life cycle, packaging products should not cause pollution to the environment, that is, they should not cause pollution from the collection, processing, manufacturing, use, recycling and recycling of waste materials until the final processing.
The first four points should be the requirements that green packaging must have. The last point is based on the life cycle analysis method from the perspective of systems engineering, the highest requirements for green packaging.
Through the above analysis, the following definitions can be made for green packaging: appropriate packaging that can be recycled, reused or degraded, and that does not pose a hazard to the human body and the environment throughout the product lifecycle is called green packaging.
Green packaging is an ideal packaging, and it needs a process to fully meet its requirements. In order to reach the goal in stages, green packaging grading standards can be formulated according to the green food grading standards:
Grade a green packaging: refers to waste packaging that can be reused, reused, or degraded, and contains toxic substances within the specified limits.
Grade aa green packaging refers to the moderate packaging of wastes that can be recycled, reused or degraded, contain toxic substances within the specified limits, and do not cause harm to the human body and the environment throughout the product lifecycle.
The above-mentioned grading plants mainly consider solving the problem of waste after packaging. This is a hot spot for the protection of the environment in the world. It is also the main content of the development of green packaging. On this basis, it further addresses the pollution in the packaging production process. Implement clean production.
Green Packaging Scientific Evaluation Method
The above connotation of green packaging makes the packaging compatible with the environment and does not cause pollution to the environment. This property is called the environmental performance of green packaging. The method of scientifically evaluating the environmental performance of green packaging is included in the life cycle assessment (lca) method in the is014000 series of international environmental management standards. Is014000 is clear and stipulates that all international trade products must undergo environmental certification (ea) and life cycle assessment (lca), and use the environmental label (el).
The definition of life cycle assessment is: according to a certain target requirement (reducing environmental pollution or saving resource consumption), the entire life cycle of a product is the extraction of raw materials, production, processing, transportation, sales, use, disposal, recycling, and finally processing. In the whole process, quantitative comparisons are mainly used to analyze the product's environmental performance. The so-called quantitative calculation refers to the environmental performance of the product, that is, the “environmental load†(or the total environmental impact potential) indicator for the ecological damage caused by the consumption of resources and emissions during the entire life cycle and the pollution caused to the environment. To represent. The larger the index, the worse the environmental performance of the product (green performance).
The life cycle assessment and technical framework consists of four parts :
1. First, define the objectives and scope of the study. Clearly define the research object and purpose, define the scope of the study, artificially define the boundary of production and product research, and establish a unified functional unit of the product system to facilitate the comparison of product environmental performance.
2, inventory analysis. The inventory analysis is the beginning of the quantitative analysis of lca. The inventory analysis (lcl) is a quantitative assessment of the environmental impacts (pollution emissions or resource consumption) of products at various stages of the life cycle, and lists the data.
The steps of inventory analysis are: 1 establish product system model, draw product life cycle flow chart; 2 unit process in subdivided flow; 3 collect input and output data of product system, ie resource consumption and pollution discharge data; 4 perform data distribution, If a process produces two products at the same time, its input and output data can be distributed according to the weight of the product.
3, impact assessment. This is the most complex of the lca's quantitative calculations; the most difficult step. Impact assessment (lcia) evaluates the environmental impact of the various input and output data listed in the inventory analysis.
The steps are as follows: 1 Firstly, the environmental impact types are classified into environmental impacts, which usually refer to the environmental issues that affect human health, ecological health, and resource consumption. Each aspect includes some types of environmental impact, such as global warming, ozone layer destruction, acid rain, photochemical smog, and eutrophication of water bodies under ecological health; central nervous system effects, reproductive system effects, and respiratory effects under human health Problems such as environmental impact types such as carcinogenic effects. 2 Characterization is the summarization of the influence degree of each impact factor of the same environmental impact type. Usually, one of the influence factors is selected as a reference, and the influence degree of other influence factors is quantified into the same unit with respect to the influence coefficient of the other influence factors, and then is summarized. 3 Quantitative assessment of the total environmental impact potential for different types of environmental impacts needs to be quantitatively evaluated. The method is to determine the relative size or weight of different types of environmental impact on the environment. For example, Yang Jianxin et al. calculated the weight coefficients of three types of environmental impacts in China: global warming, acid rain, and eutrophication using the target distance method. For 0.82, 0.73, and 0.74, the total environmental impact potential can then be calculated.
4. Interpretation of results (or improvement evaluation). That is, the results of inventory analysis and impact assessment are interpreted and analyzed, and suggestions for improvement are proposed. The steps are identification, assessment, conclusions and recommendations. For the improved program, it is also necessary to re-evaluate lca, which is called improvement evaluation.
The use of the life cycle assessment method described above to evaluate the environmental performance of a packaged product has the following advantages:
(1) The life cycle assessment method considers the resource consumption and pollution emissions in the entire life cycle of the product, and avoids the shortcomings of the one-sidedness and limitation of the evaluation of the environmental performance of products in the past. Therefore, it is a scientific method to comprehensively and systematically evaluate the environmental performance of products.
(2) A major feature of the lca method is the quantitative comparison. The quantified “environmental load†indicator is used to represent the environmental performance of the product throughout its life cycle. It has the advantages of numerical value and intuitiveness, and it avoids qualitative evaluation of products with expert experience. The arbitrariness and incomparability of environmental performance.
(3) Due to the above advantages, the environmental performance of the green packaging is evaluated by the lca method, which has the advantages of comprehensiveness, quantification, and intuitiveness. Therefore, the lca method can be used to formulate certification standards for the product environment label, or use the data as a digital environment statement for all of the ed content.
However, the life cycle assessment method currently has the following shortcomings in actual operations:
(1) Carry out the lca. From "cradle to grave", the calculation operation is a complicated and cumbersome work, with a large workload and difficulty.
(2) The central link of lca - The data collection of inventory analysis is difficult. China's industrial enterprises have not collected data on resource consumption and pollution emissions of products during the production and processing stages, and there is no inventory analysis established by some foreign companies and research institutions. database. Due to the very different conditions, the data of the foreign inventory database cannot be used by me. Therefore, at present, lca can only use the data provided in the data and reports, but the simulation data obtained through enterprise monitoring, sampling, and measurement or the simulation of industrial production process to obtain pollution emissions are nearly blank, and therefore the inventory analysis is accurate. Degree difference. This is also the most important issue that must be solved as soon as possible in China.
(3) The impact evaluation of lca needs to determine various equivalent coefficients and weights, as well as the dimensional conversion between various quantities such as biological, chemical, physical and environmental quantities. At present, many industrialized countries have carried out a lot of research work on the equivalence coefficients of different types of environmental impact and have achieved a lot of results; the weights are calculated using the AHP target lease distance method. Due to the model error, the accuracy of the weight calculation is affected and the calculation is more difficult.
Because the above problems exist in lca and the conditions for developing lca in China are not fully met, it is not suitable to use the lca method to evaluate the environmental performance of green packaging in general. Therefore, the evaluation criteria of green packaging cannot be determined.
Source: Packaging News
The connotation of green packaging
The connotation of green packaging is to formulate green packaging evaluation
The main basis of the standard:
Green packaging emerged in the 1970s; its connotation spanned the “recycling of packaging waste†from the 1970s to the mid-1980s, and the “3r1d†from the 1980s to the early 1990s stated that in the mid- to late-1990s: The life cycle assessment LCA said that “there are three phases that continue to evolve and improve. At present, the connotation of green packaging should include the following five points:
1. Implement reduction of packaging. The green packaging should be the least amount of appropriate packaging under the conditions of protection, convenience, and sales. Europe and the United States and other countries listed packaging reduction as the first choice for the development of non-hazardous packaging.
2. The packaging should be easily reused or recycled. Through the repeated use or recycling of waste to produce recycled products, or the use of heat energy for waste incineration, or improve the soil through composting measures - to achieve the purpose of reuse. It neither pollutes the environment nor makes full use of resources.
3, packaging waste can be degraded (degradable). In order not to form permanent waste, non-recyclable packaging waste must be able to decompose and rot, spontaneously melt in nature, do not pollute the environment, and thus achieve the purpose of improving the soil. To this end, all industrial countries in the world attach importance to the development of biodegradable packaging materials.
4, packaging materials should be non-toxic and harmless, should not contain toxic elements, halogens, heavy metals or content should be controlled below the relevant standards.
5. During the whole life cycle, packaging products should not cause pollution to the environment, that is, they should not cause pollution from the collection, processing, manufacturing, use, recycling and recycling of waste materials until the final processing.
The first four points should be the requirements that green packaging must have. The last point is based on the life cycle analysis method from the perspective of systems engineering, the highest requirements for green packaging.
Through the above analysis, the following definitions can be made for green packaging: appropriate packaging that can be recycled, reused or degraded, and that does not pose a hazard to the human body and the environment throughout the product lifecycle is called green packaging.
Green packaging is an ideal packaging, and it needs a process to fully meet its requirements. In order to reach the goal in stages, green packaging grading standards can be formulated according to the green food grading standards:
Grade a green packaging: refers to waste packaging that can be reused, reused, or degraded, and contains toxic substances within the specified limits.
Grade aa green packaging refers to the moderate packaging of wastes that can be recycled, reused or degraded, contain toxic substances within the specified limits, and do not cause harm to the human body and the environment throughout the product lifecycle.
The above-mentioned grading plants mainly consider solving the problem of waste after packaging. This is a hot spot for the protection of the environment in the world. It is also the main content of the development of green packaging. On this basis, it further addresses the pollution in the packaging production process. Implement clean production.
Green Packaging Scientific Evaluation Method
The above connotation of green packaging makes the packaging compatible with the environment and does not cause pollution to the environment. This property is called the environmental performance of green packaging. The method of scientifically evaluating the environmental performance of green packaging is included in the life cycle assessment (lca) method in the is014000 series of international environmental management standards. Is014000 is clear and stipulates that all international trade products must undergo environmental certification (ea) and life cycle assessment (lca), and use the environmental label (el).
The definition of life cycle assessment is: according to a certain target requirement (reducing environmental pollution or saving resource consumption), the entire life cycle of a product is the extraction of raw materials, production, processing, transportation, sales, use, disposal, recycling, and finally processing. In the whole process, quantitative comparisons are mainly used to analyze the product's environmental performance. The so-called quantitative calculation refers to the environmental performance of the product, that is, the “environmental load†(or the total environmental impact potential) indicator for the ecological damage caused by the consumption of resources and emissions during the entire life cycle and the pollution caused to the environment. To represent. The larger the index, the worse the environmental performance of the product (green performance).
The life cycle assessment and technical framework consists of four parts :
1. First, define the objectives and scope of the study. Clearly define the research object and purpose, define the scope of the study, artificially define the boundary of production and product research, and establish a unified functional unit of the product system to facilitate the comparison of product environmental performance.
2, inventory analysis. The inventory analysis is the beginning of the quantitative analysis of lca. The inventory analysis (lcl) is a quantitative assessment of the environmental impacts (pollution emissions or resource consumption) of products at various stages of the life cycle, and lists the data.
The steps of inventory analysis are: 1 establish product system model, draw product life cycle flow chart; 2 unit process in subdivided flow; 3 collect input and output data of product system, ie resource consumption and pollution discharge data; 4 perform data distribution, If a process produces two products at the same time, its input and output data can be distributed according to the weight of the product.
3, impact assessment. This is the most complex of the lca's quantitative calculations; the most difficult step. Impact assessment (lcia) evaluates the environmental impact of the various input and output data listed in the inventory analysis.
The steps are as follows: 1 Firstly, the environmental impact types are classified into environmental impacts, which usually refer to the environmental issues that affect human health, ecological health, and resource consumption. Each aspect includes some types of environmental impact, such as global warming, ozone layer destruction, acid rain, photochemical smog, and eutrophication of water bodies under ecological health; central nervous system effects, reproductive system effects, and respiratory effects under human health Problems such as environmental impact types such as carcinogenic effects. 2 Characterization is the summarization of the influence degree of each impact factor of the same environmental impact type. Usually, one of the influence factors is selected as a reference, and the influence degree of other influence factors is quantified into the same unit with respect to the influence coefficient of the other influence factors, and then is summarized. 3 Quantitative assessment of the total environmental impact potential for different types of environmental impacts needs to be quantitatively evaluated. The method is to determine the relative size or weight of different types of environmental impact on the environment. For example, Yang Jianxin et al. calculated the weight coefficients of three types of environmental impacts in China: global warming, acid rain, and eutrophication using the target distance method. For 0.82, 0.73, and 0.74, the total environmental impact potential can then be calculated.
4. Interpretation of results (or improvement evaluation). That is, the results of inventory analysis and impact assessment are interpreted and analyzed, and suggestions for improvement are proposed. The steps are identification, assessment, conclusions and recommendations. For the improved program, it is also necessary to re-evaluate lca, which is called improvement evaluation.
The use of the life cycle assessment method described above to evaluate the environmental performance of a packaged product has the following advantages:
(1) The life cycle assessment method considers the resource consumption and pollution emissions in the entire life cycle of the product, and avoids the shortcomings of the one-sidedness and limitation of the evaluation of the environmental performance of products in the past. Therefore, it is a scientific method to comprehensively and systematically evaluate the environmental performance of products.
(2) A major feature of the lca method is the quantitative comparison. The quantified “environmental load†indicator is used to represent the environmental performance of the product throughout its life cycle. It has the advantages of numerical value and intuitiveness, and it avoids qualitative evaluation of products with expert experience. The arbitrariness and incomparability of environmental performance.
(3) Due to the above advantages, the environmental performance of the green packaging is evaluated by the lca method, which has the advantages of comprehensiveness, quantification, and intuitiveness. Therefore, the lca method can be used to formulate certification standards for the product environment label, or use the data as a digital environment statement for all of the ed content.
However, the life cycle assessment method currently has the following shortcomings in actual operations:
(1) Carry out the lca. From "cradle to grave", the calculation operation is a complicated and cumbersome work, with a large workload and difficulty.
(2) The central link of lca - The data collection of inventory analysis is difficult. China's industrial enterprises have not collected data on resource consumption and pollution emissions of products during the production and processing stages, and there is no inventory analysis established by some foreign companies and research institutions. database. Due to the very different conditions, the data of the foreign inventory database cannot be used by me. Therefore, at present, lca can only use the data provided in the data and reports, but the simulation data obtained through enterprise monitoring, sampling, and measurement or the simulation of industrial production process to obtain pollution emissions are nearly blank, and therefore the inventory analysis is accurate. Degree difference. This is also the most important issue that must be solved as soon as possible in China.
(3) The impact evaluation of lca needs to determine various equivalent coefficients and weights, as well as the dimensional conversion between various quantities such as biological, chemical, physical and environmental quantities. At present, many industrialized countries have carried out a lot of research work on the equivalence coefficients of different types of environmental impact and have achieved a lot of results; the weights are calculated using the AHP target lease distance method. Due to the model error, the accuracy of the weight calculation is affected and the calculation is more difficult.
Because the above problems exist in lca and the conditions for developing lca in China are not fully met, it is not suitable to use the lca method to evaluate the environmental performance of green packaging in general. Therefore, the evaluation criteria of green packaging cannot be determined.
Source: Packaging News
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